Adapters and boards are crucial accessories for connecting and interfacing different chips and components with programmers. These devices allow various memory types like EPROM, NAND, NOR, SPI, and other integrated circuits to be securely connected to programming tools. They ensure that chips of different form factors and configurations can be accurately read, written, or cloned by bridging the gap between the chip and the programmer. With specialized socket adapters, breakout boards, and conversion kits, these tools extend the capabilities of programmers, enabling seamless integration with phones, tablets, gaming consoles, and computer motherboards during repair, unlocking, and reprogramming tasks.